JB ENGINEERING AND CODE CONSULTING, P.C. 1661 Cardinal Drive, Munster, IN 46321 Phone: 219-922-6171 Fax: 219-922-6172 E-Mail: JBEngineer@aol.com
JULIUS A. BALLANCO, P.E. President
May 16, 2007
Report Number: 07G0516E1
Engineering Report Report Number: 07G0516E1
Evaluation of Plastic Duct Fittings For Underground Installation
Client:
General Plastics 3500 N. Harrison Shawnee, OK 74801
Contact:
John Inda, President Telephone: 405-275-3171 Facsimile: 405-275-8114
Scope:
General Plastics manufactures plastic duct fittings for installation in heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. JB Engineering and Code Consulting, P.C. was retained to evaluate the plastic duct fittings for use in an underground duct system.
Abstract:
Underground HVAC ducts systems have been installed with sheet metal ducts. The ducts are either encased in concrete or lined with an exterior coating. While the ducts are protected from direct exposure to the ground, there have been failures of underground duct systems. The failures have resulted in ducts allowing the leakage of water or the entrance of vermin. The failed duct system can also result in mold and bacteria growth.
To reduce the possibility of failure, underground ducts have been installed using plastic pipe with solvent cement and mastic joints. General Plastics has developed a full range of duct fittings for underground duct systems using plastic duct.
Product Description:
The General Plastic duct fittings are manufactured with either high density polyethylene (HDPE) or polyvinyl chloride (PVC). There is a full range of duct fittings in sizes 4 inch through 24 inch, including tees, wyes, elbows, 45° elbows, register boxes, saddle boots, saddle connections, reducers, couplings, end caps, and starting collars. Plastic plenum boxes are also available for underground installation. The HDPE fittings are black in color, identified by the trade name Black Max®. The PVC fittings are white in color. The PVC plenum boxes are gray in color. The full range of fittings and sizes are identified in the General Plastics catalog.
Test Reports :
JB Engineering and Code Consulting, P.C. had the General Plastic duct fittings tested by SGS U.S. Testing Company, Inc., Tulsa, Oklahoma. The test report numbers and dates are, as follows:
The first test was an external loading test conducted in accordance with Section 6.3.2 of ASTM D2665. This test requires pipe fittings to withstand a load of 750 lbf/ft without failure. Fittings of every size were tested. All of the fittings passed the test without any signs of failure.
The second and third test were cell classification tests for rating the raw material used to produce the fittings. The PVC had a cell classification of 12344-B. The HDPE had a cell classification of 33663.
The fourth test was a pressure tightness test. A 6 inch duct assembly was joined in accordance with the manufacturer's installation instructions. The assembly was subjected to a 4 foot head of pressure (1.7 psi) on the exterior. There was no leakage present in the assembly.
Engineering Analysis:
Plastic duct and fittings are well suited for underground installation. The material is resistant to corrosion and rusting. The duct will provide a long, usable life as a part of the HVAC system.
The joining method of plastic duct and fittings is watertight and airtight for the normal pressures anticipated in an HVAC system. The duct will provide service without outside leakage when completely exposed to ground water on the exterior of the duct system. The duct is buried below the slab, hence, it would not be subjected to a ground water pressure that would approach the tested 4 feet of head pressure.
Both PVC and HDPE are acceptable materials for temperatures up to 150° F. Standard furnaces and air handlers for HVAC systems limit the outlet temperature to less than 150° F. This would be required for any underground plastic duct system.
The smooth interior of the plastic duct has minimal friction resistance to air flow. The system can be sized using the round duct sizing charts and programs. The General Plastic duct fittings have a pattern and smooth interior that is equivalent to round duct fittings. The sizing charts and programs for the round duct fittings can be used when evaluating the plastic duct fitting for sizing the system.
In a comparative analysis, PVC plastic ducts are the same materials as PVC plastic pipe used below ground in plumbing systems. PVC plastic pipe has proven to be an acceptable material for underground piping systems. The material has been installed in the United States since the 1950's. Widespread use of PVC plastic pipe below grade dates back to the late 1960's. PVC plastic duct and fittings installed below grade should experience the same longevity as PVC plastic pipe used in plumbing systems.
Since the plastic duct and fitting systems are installed below grade, they are not directly exposed to a fire within the building. Therefore, the fire characteristics of the duct and fittings would not be applicable to underground duct systems.
Code Analysis:
The Mechanical Codes regulate the installation of duct systems. The use of General Plastics duct fittings installed in an underground plastic duct system were analyzed for compliance to the various Mechanical Codes.
ICC International Mechanical Code: Section 603.8.3 regulates plastic underground duct systems. Plastic ducts are required to be constructed with PVC having a minimum pipe stiffness of 8 psi at 5percent deflection when tested in accordance with ASTM D2412. Plastic duct fittings are required to be either PVC or high density polyethylene. The General Plastics plastic ducts and fittings conform to the requirements of the International Mechanical Code.
ICC International Residential Code: Section M1601.1.2 permits the use of plastic underground duct systems. The plastic duct must have a cell classification of 12454-B (or higher). The duct and fittings must meet the external loading properties of ASTM D2412. The external load test in ASTM D2412 is for pipe stiffness of plastic pipe. The General Plastic duct and fittings conform to the requirements of the International Residential Code.
IAPMO Uniform Mechanical Code: The Uniform Mechanical Code does not directly regulate plastic underground ducts. Section 604.1 requires metal ducts to be installed a minimum of 4 inches above grade. Metal ducts in or below grade are required to be encased in a minimum of 2 inches of concrete.
Section 105.0 permits the use of alternative material that is equivalent to the material permitted by the code. Plastic ducts perform the same as metal ducts when installed underground. Plastic ducts exceed the requirements of metal ducts encased in concrete since they are water and air tight, will not corrode, and provide adequate strength without concrete encasement.
Installation Requirements:
The plastic ducts and fitting shall be joined in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.
The furnace or air handler shall limit the temperature of the air in the plastic duct system to a maximum of 150° F.
Summary:
General Plastic duct and fittings conform to the requirements of the ICC International Residential Code and the ICC International Mechanical Code for underground plastic duct systems. General Plastic duct and fittings meet the intent of the IAPMO Uniform Mechanical Code for underground plastic duct system as an alternative material. The code official should permit the use of General Plastic duct fittings for all underground HVAC plastic duct systems.
Certification:
This report was prepared by Julius Ballanco, P.E., President, JB Engineering and Code Consulting, P.C., registered as a Professional Engineer in the State of Indiana, license number PE60900631. JB Engineering and Code Consulting, P.C. is a Registered Engineering Professional Corporation in the State of Indiana, license number PC50910000.
Respectfully
submitted,
Julius Ballanco, P.E. President
Evaluation of Plastic Pipe Fittings used in Underground Duct Systems
SGS U.S. Testing Company Inc.
SGS U.S. Testing Company Inc.
1341 North 108th East Avenue
Tel: 918-437-8333
Fax: 918-437-8487
Evaluation of Plastic Pipe Fittings used in Underground Duct Systems.
SAMPLE ID:
19 plastic pipe fittings were received from the client on 5/28/98. The samples were received in good condition.
PROCEDURE:
The fittings were evaluated in accordance with ASTM D 2665-97, Section 6.3.2. The fittings were loaded with 750lbf/ft of centerline length. The fittings were then checked for cracking or any other signs of failure.
TEST DATE:
6/29/98
RESULTS:
The test data and results are on the following page.
CONCLUSION:
The fittings do comply with the requirements of ASTM D
2665-97, Section 6.3.2 (which exceeds ASTM D 2412).
CERTIFICATION:
The tests reported here were conducted under the continuous, direct supervision of SGS U.S. Testing Company Inc., Tulsa, OK.
Signed for the Company
Jeff Simmons
Dept. Manager/Product Evaluation
RESULTS:
Specimen
Load, lbf/ft
Failure
16" 45º Elbow
750
None
16"-14" Concentric Reducer
750
None
16" End Cap
750
None
14" Starting Collar
750
None
14"-12" Concentric Reducer
750
None
12" End Cap
750
None
10" End Cap
750
None
10" Coupling
750
None
8" 45º Elbow
750
None
8" 90º Elbow
750
None
6" Coupling
750
None
6" Starting Collar
750
None
6"-4" Concentric Reducer
750
None
6" 90º Black Max Elbow
750
None
4" Starting Collar
750
None
4"-14"-8" Black Max Boot Box
750
None
4"-12"-6" Black Max Boot Box
750
None
4"-10"-6" Black Max Boot Box
750
None
4"-10"-4" Black Max Boot Box
750
None
********
End of Report
Evaluation of PVC Powder Compound for Cell Classification
SGS U.S. Testing Company Inc.
SGS U.S. Testing Company Inc.
1341 North 108th East Avenue
Tel: 918-437-8333
Fax: 918-437-8487
Evaluation of PVC Powder Compound for Cell Classification.
SAMPLE ID:
One 10 lb bag of PVC powder was received from the client on 5/28/98. The sample was received in good condition.
PROCEDURE:
The PVC powder was evaluated in accordance with the requirements of PVC 12454B from ASTM D 1784-98. This testing was subcontracted out to CRT Laboratories, Inc. in Orange, CA. No revisions to ths report will be allowed after 90 days of the report date.
TEST DATE:
6/20/98 - 7/7/98
RESULTS:
The test data and results are on the following page.
CONCLUSION:
Based on the results this compound meets the requirements for suffix A per ASTM D 1784. In addition, this compound revealed a final Cell Classification of 1-2-3-4-4-A.
(Exceeds Cell Classification 12454-B)
CERTIFICATION:
The tests reported here were conducted under the continuous, direct supervision of SGS U.S. Testing Company Inc., Tulsa, OK.
Signed for the Company
Jeff Simmons
Dept. Manager/Product Evaluation
RESULTS:
Physical Property
Results
Cell Class
PVC Base Compound
(verification)
N/A
1
Izod Impact (23ºC)
(ft.-lb./inc. J/M)
0.7 - 37.4
2
Tensile Strength
(psi-Mpa)
6,776 - 46.7
3
Tensile Modulus
(psi-Mpa)
358,000 - 2,468
4
Deflection Temperature (Cº)
Flammability
(pass/fail)
77.0
Pass
4
N/A
Chemical Resistance
Results/Suffix
H2SO4 14 day immersion at 55ºC
Change in Weight
Decrease %
0.01 (A)
Change in Flexural Yield Strength (acid exposed)
Increase %
4.2 (A)
********
End of Report
Evaluation of High-Density Polyethylene Resin for Cell Classification
SGS U.S. Testing Company Inc.
SGS U.S. Testing Company Inc.
1341 North 108th East Avenue
Tel: 918-437-8333
Fax: 918-437-8487
Evaluation of High-Density Polyethylene Resin for Cell Classification.
SAMPLE ID:
One 10 lb bag of High-Density Polyethylene Resin was received from the client on 5/29/98. The sample was received in good condition.
PROCEDURE:
The High-Density Polyethylene Resin was evaluated in accordance with the requirements of ASTM D 3350-98. This testing was subcontracted out to CRT Laboratories, Inc. in Orange, CA. No revisions to this report will be allowed after 90 days of the report date.
TEST DATE:
6/20/98 - 7/7/98
RESULTS:
The test data and results are on the following page.
CONCLUSION:
Based on the results this sample meets the minimum Cell Classification
requirements per ASTM D 3350-98 (Exceeds D 1784 & D 2412). In addition,
this sample revealed a final Cell Classification of 3-3-6-6-3
(Exceeds 12454-B).
CERTIFICATION:
The tests reported here were conducted under the continuous, direct supervision of SGS U.S. Testing Company Inc., Tulsa, OK.
Signed for the Company
Jeff Simmons
Dept. Manager/Product Evaluation
RESULTS:
Test Property
Minimum MFG. Data
CRT Results
Cell Achieved
Specific Gravity (g/cm3)
N/A
0.948
Cell-3/Pass
Melt Index (gms./10 min.)
N/A
0.0061
Cell-3/Pass
Flexural 2% Second Modulus (psi/Mpa)
N/A
246,500 - 1,700
Cell-6/Pass
Tensile Strength @ Yield (psi/Mpa)
N/A
4,614/31.8
Cell-6/Pass
E.S.C.R. (Igepal CO-630/100ºC)
>5000**
>192.0 hours
Cell-3/Pass
Brittleness Temperature (ºF/ºC)
>-60ºC
>-60ºC
Pass
Thermal Stability(DSC)
(minimum induction 220ºC)
N/A
265ºC
Pass
********
End of Report
Evaluation of Joint Tightness per Client's Instructions
SGS U.S. Testing Company Inc.
SGS U.S. Testing Company Inc.
1341 North 108th East Avenue
Tel: 918-437-8333
Fax: 918-437-8487
Evaluation of Joint Tightness per Clients Instructions
SAMPLE ID:
Three 6" 90º elbows, three sections of 6" plastic pipe, one can of IPS 600, one can of IPS 719, and one can of IPS primer were received on 6/16/98. The samples were received in good condition.
PROCEDURE:
Two of the 6" elbows were joined together by one section of pipe. The other two sections of pipe were attached to the other ends of the elbows to create a "U" shape test specimen. The test specimen was then lowered into a container of water until a pressure of 4 ft. of head was obtained on the joints. The specimen was then removed and checked for leaks. No revisions to this report will be allowed after 90 days of the report date."
TEST DATE:
7/10/98
RESULTS:
No leaks in the joints were observed during the test.
CERTIFICATION:
The tests reported here were conducted under the continuous, direct supervision of SGS U.S. Testing Company Inc., Tulsa, OK.
Signed for the Company
Jeff Simmons
Dept. Manager/Product Evaluation
BOCA Research and Evaluation Committee
1051 West Flossmoor Road
Country Club Hills, Illinois 60478-5795
Phone: 708/799-2305
KROY HEAT/AIR DUCTS
KROY INDUSTRIES, INC.
KROY INDUSTRIES/ALCAN PIPE DIV. OF ALCAN ALUMINUM CORPORATION
P.O. BOX 309
YORK, NEBRASKA 68467
PERFORMANCE OF PRODUCT FOR WHICH EVALUATION IS REQUESTED
PVC duct and fittings
MANUFACTURER'S INTENDED USE OF PRODUCT
The Kroy Industries Heat/Air Duct System utilizes polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tubing, Type SDR 81, for underground duct in heating and cooling ducting systems. Joints are joined with either PVC or approved metal duct couplings. The duct is available in sizes ranging from 4 inches through 24 inches.
PVC ducts and fittings can be laid directly on earth surfaces. Unfilled gaps under the pipe shall be filled with backfill material. Pea gravel or aggregate (or the material taken from the trench, if equivalent) shall be used to backfill. The backfill material shall be spread evenly around the duct eliminating all gaps, and tamped in place.
Lengths of duct pipe are joined with either PVC couplings, or metal duct couplings. Metal duct couplings, and fittings shall have an approved protective coating. Joints should be secured with stainless steel screws and wrapped with PVC tape. PVC duct pipe and fittings shall be joined, utilizing an approved cleaner and solvent cement.
CODE ANALYSIS OF EVIDENCE SUBMITTED
The following data was submitted by the proponent for demonstration of compliance with the respective code sections listed above each item of evidence. The basis is the 1987 BOCA National Mechanical Code with the 1989 Supplement.
CODE SECTION: M-302.2
The BOCA Mechanical Code, Section M-302.2 requires nonmetallic duct to be constructed with Class 0 or Class 1 duct material in accordance with UL 181. Section M-108.4 provides for alternative materials and equipment since the provisions of this code are not intended to prevent the use of any material or method of construction not specifically prescribed by this code, provided any such alternative has been approved.
UL 181 similarly states in their Forward (Item D) "A product employing materials or having forms of construction differing from those detailed in the requirements of this standard may be examined and tested according to the intent of the requirements and, if found to be substantially equivalent, may be judged to comply with the standard."
Kroy Heat/Air Duct is limited in use to installation below
finished floor which protects it from combustion. Therefore,
the requirement of Class 0 or Class 1 duct material is not
applicable. The UL 181 standard is specifically addressing
the type of duct designed for use above ground.
Table 5.1 from UL 181 indicates the applicable tests for rigid fiberglass duct, and flexible duct. Tests considered to be applicable for underground rigid PVC air duct have been added. (See Table 1)
UL 181 tests the strength of the non-metallic duct and duct material but does not address the testing of plastic duct or plastic material. ASTM D1784 and ASTM D2412 are the appropriate standards for the testing of plastic ducts for tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, flexural yield strength, impact strength, deflection temperatures, flammability, and chemical resistance.
EVIDENCE SUBMITTED
Report No. 89-0832 by Hauser Laboratories of Boulder, Colorado for Kroy Industries/Alcan Pipe. The test results determined that the representative samples of the products complied with the applicable tests of UL 181.
Report No. L/N 26938 on PVC Heat/Air Duct Pipe, Type SDR81 for Kroy Industries, Inc. was prepared by Applied Research Laboratories of Florida, Inc. The laboratory examination and tests determined that the representative samples of the products complied with ANSI/ASTM D1784, ASTM D2412, and ASAE S.376.
CODE SECTION: M-302.3
The BOCA Mechanical Code, Section M-302.3 requires non-metallic duct to have an air flow friction coefficient similar to sheet metal.
Wind tunnel tests, in conformance with the criteria of the National Environmental Balancing Bureau, were performed to determine the air flow friction loss in the PVC pipe. The test results for PVC as compared to the friction loss for galvanized steel taken from a standard friction chart are as follows:
Material
Dia. Size Inches
Length Feet
Air Velocity Feet/Min.
Friction Loss Inches of Water/100 Ft.
PVC
6
100
1800
.60
PVC
8
100
1800
.40
Galv. Steel
6
100
1800
.90
Galv. Steel
8
100
1800
.75
CODE SECTION: M-302.3
Installation in accordance with manufacturer's installation instructions. (See Figure 1 and Table 2)
EVIDENCE SUBMITTED
Report No. E85-0153 linear loading on PVC Heat/Air Duct Pipe for Kroy Industries, Inc. was prepared by Hauser Laboratories of Boulder, Colorado.
RECOMMENDATIONS TO THE CODE OFFICIAL
The Kroy Industries, Inc.'s Kroy Heat/Air Ducts listed in this report has been evaluated for conformance with the BOCA National Codes, as amended by the 1989 Supplement. These findings may be used as part of the technical data for acceptance by jurisdictions administering these codes with the following limitations:
Limitations of Use
PVC Heat/Air Duct shall only be installed below finished floors
or in or under concrete slabs.
PVC Heat/Air Duct shall not be installed in exposed applications.
PVC Heat/Air Duct maximum linear loading shall be in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations.
PVC Heat/Air Duct maximum duct temperature shall be 150 degrees F.
PVC Heat/Air Duct shall be installed in conformance with the manufacturer's instructions.
INFORMATION REQUIRED ON PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS
Cell class 12454 B as per ASTM D 1784 and tensil
strength as per ASTM D2412
IDENTIFICATION
All Kroy Industries, Inc.'s Kroy Heat/Air Ducts
manufactured in accordance with this research report shall
be marked at the plant with the identifying language "heat and
air duct pipe cell class 12454 B - ASTM D 1784 - ASTM D
2412 ."
This report is subject to certification. The failure
of the applicant to comply with this requirement will result in
the lapse of this report. Further use of, or reference to, this
report is then no longer permitted.
Table 1
TEST PROGRAM
FACTORY-MADE AIR DUCTS AND CONNECTORS - UL 181
AIR DUCTS
Tests
Rigid
Flexible
Underground
Rigid PVC*
Surface Burning Characteristics
x
x
---
Flame Resistance
---
---
---
Flame Penetration
x
x
---
Burning
x
x
---
Corrosion (See Note)
x
x
---
Mold Growth and Humidity
x
x
---
Temperature
x
x
---
Puncture
x
x
x
Static Load
x
---
x
Impact
x
x
x
Erosion
x
x
---
Pressure
x
x
x
Collapse
x
x
x
Tension
---
x
---
Torsion
---
x
---
Bending
---
x
---
Leakage
x
x
x
x = Test Applicable
--- = Test Not Applicable
Note: Applicable to parts of metals not inherently corrosion resistant.
*UL 181 does not specifically address underground rigid PVC air duct. Therefore, the following UL 181 tests are the tests which were considered to be applicable for this type of material. Additional applicable tests performed found that the PVC air duct complied with ASTM D2412 and ASTM D-1784.
Table 2
MANUFACTURER'S RECOMMENDED MAXIMUM LINEAR LOADING
Pipe Size
Inches
Temporary Load
In lbs./ft.
Permanent Load
In lbs./ft.
15
1300
860
10 to 14
790
690
4 to 8
1375
1060
Table 2
TYPICAL PVC HEAT/AIR DUCT SYSTEM
PVC TYPICAL PROPERTIES - Plenum Boxes
Property
Units
Value(1)
ASTM Method
Physical
Density
g/cm³
1.42
D 792
Water Absorption
%
0.06
D 570
Rockwell Hardness
R Scale
115
D 785
Shore Durometer
D
89
D 2240
Cell Class
-
12454-B
1784
Mechanical
Tensile Modulus
psi
411,000
D 638
Yield Strength
psi
7,500
D 638
Flexural Modulus
psi
481,000
D 790
Yield Strength
psi
12,800
D 790
Izod Impact
ft-lb/in
1.0
D 256
Thermal
Vicat Softening Point
ºC/ºF
83/181
D 1525
Heat Deflection Temperature
ºC/ºF
82/179
D 648
Heat Deflection Temperature
ºC/ºF
80/176
D 648
Linear Coefficient of Expansion
in/in/ºC
5.8 x 10-5
D 696
Linear Coefficient of Expansion
in/in/ºF
3.2 x 10-5
D 696
Flammability Rating
Flammability
-
Self-Extinguishing
D 635
Flammability
-
0
UL 94V
Flame Spread
-
15
E 84
Chemical
Chemical Resistance
-
Class B
D 1784
Electrical
Electrical Volume Resistivity
Ohm/cm
5.4 x 1015
D 257
Dielectric Constant
60 Hz
3.19
D 150
Dissipation Factor
60 Hz
0.0096
D 150
Loss Index
60 Hz
0.030
D 150
Dielectric Strength
Volts/mil
544
D 149
1 Physical properties of plastic sheeting are represented as "Typical." Information contained herein is considered accurate to the best of our knowledge. It is subject to your consideration and investigation, and is not to be construed as a representation or warranty expressed or implied. Our warranties are limited to those stated in formal contracts or in conditions of sale on our invoice and order acceptances. Conditions and methods of use may vary.
The "Typical" properties of our plastic sheet canot be automatically used when engineering finished components: and the fabricator or end user is reponsible for insuring the suitability of our products for their specific application or end user.
SAMPLE SPECIFICATION FOR GENERAL PLASTICS PVC PIPE & FITTINGS
All General Plastics PVC heating
and air plastic duct pipe and fittings shall be manufactured from
type 1, grade 1 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) compound with a Cell Classification
of 12454 B per ASTM’S D 1784 and
tensil strength as per ASTM D 2412, consistently meeting and/or
exceeding these standards with regard
to material quality and workmanship. The standard lengths of pipe
sizes 4” thru 24” shall
be 10’ with the 4” thru 16” having 1- bell end
and the 18” thru 24” being straight
pipe with no bells or hubs. All PVC Fittings 4” thru 24” shall
have Solvent Weld hub ends for connection to the piping.
General
Plastics heat and air pipe shall be labeled as HEATING AND AIR DUCT
PIPE and include the Cell Class of 12454
B and the ASTM ratings of D1784 and D2412.
Fittings may not be labeled due
to the size and restriction of labeling space, but must be a product
of General Plastics, Inc. For mfg
contact; 888-275-3171
SAMPLE SPECIFICATION FOR GENERAL PLASTICS BLACK
MAX® FITTINGS
All General Plastics HDPE fittings
and register boxes know as, Black Max® shall be Manufactured
from virgin material and its in-house regrind materials meeting
and/or exceeding a
Cell Classification of 12454 B per ASTM’S D 1784 and tensil
strength per ASTM D 2412. The fittings
shall be constructed for the Heating
and Air Duct to fit onto it and secured with the specified adhesives
for their listed purpose. The fittings and boxes shall be labeled
as to the ASTM rating and be a manufactured product of General Plastics,
Inc.
For mfg contact; 888-275-3171
General
Plastics Heat & Air Duct pipe
4”thru16”-
10’ each with 1- belled end
Nominal
Size
Weight/Ft
Outside
Diameter
Inside
Diameter
Wall
Thickness
4”
.740
4.500
4.330
.085
6”
1.100
6.140
5.988
.076
8”
1.680
8.160
7.958
.101
10”
2.620
10.200
9.948
.126
12”
3.770
12.240
11.938
.151
14”
5.200
14.280
13.928
.176
16”
6.490
16.000
15.608
.196
18”thru
24” – 10’ each straight pipe no belled ends
Must Bevel Ends for Fittings – Add Couplings
